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- Nikonha, també conegut com a Waskiteng i Mosquito, fou el darrer parlant pura sang de tutelo, una llengua siouan de Virgínia. Es va informar que tenia 106 anys quan va morir a la Primera Nació , Ontario en 1871; això donarà una data de naixement pel voltant del 1765. L'any abans de la seva mort, es va reunir amb l'etnòleg Horatio Hale, qui va donar la següent descripció d'ell: El seu aspecte, com ja ho vam veure primer, prenent el sol a la vessant abans de la seva cabana, va confirmar els informes que havia sentit, tant de la seva avançada edat com de la seva intel·ligència notable. "Un rostre arrugat somrient, el front alt, els ulls mig tancats, cabell blanc, barba rabassuda i escassa, els dits doblegats amb l'edat com les urpes d'un ocell" és la descripció recollida en el meu quadern de notes. No només en la fisonomia sinó també en el comportament i caràcter, que diferia notablement dels greus i impassibles iroquesos entre els quals habitava. L'animada i alegre disposició de la seva raça va sobreviure amb tota la seva força en el seu últim membre. Les seves respostes a les nostres preguntes s'entremesclen amb molts comentaris jocosos, moltes rialles i bon humor. Nikonha contà a Hale que el seu pare havia estat un cap tutelo anomenat Onusowa, mentre que la seva mare havia mort quan ell era nen, deixant-lo a càrrec del seu oncle. En 1779, quan tenia al voltant de 14 anys, el llogaret tutelo de Coreorgonel, Nova York, fou atacat durant l' de la Guerra Revolucionària, i els supervivents marxaren juntament amb els cayuga cap a Grand River. Nikonha també va lluitar en la Guerra de 1812. La seva esposa era cayuga, i només parlava cayuga a la seva llar fins que Hale el va induir a proporcionar-li 100 paraules tutelo de la seva joventut. Hale va recopilar informació sobre el tutelo dels pocs individus supervivents que havien conservat cap coneixement de la llengua que eren, a part de Nikonha, molt barrejats amb cayugues. Sobre la base del vocabulari i la gramàtica que Hale va recollir va ser capaç de confirmar l'estatut del tutelo com a llengua sioux similar a dakota i Hidatsa (ca)
- Nikonha, also known as Waskiteng and Mosquito, (b. ca. 1765- d. 1871, Tutelo) was known as the last full-blooded speaker of Tutelo, a Virginia Siouan language. He is reported to have been around 106 years old when he died at Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation, Ontario in 1871, where his people had migrated with the Cayuga during the American Revolutionary War. In 1870, the year before his death, Nikonha was visited by the American-Canadian ethnologist Horatio Hale, who was seeking to learn about the languages of the mixed peoples at the Reserve. He described Nikonha as follows, when discussing his findings at an 1883 conference on languages: His appearance, as we first saw him, basking in the sunshine on the slope before his cabin, confirmed the reports, which I had heard, both of his great age and of his marked intelligence. "A wrinkled, smiling countenance, a high forehead, half-shut eyes, white hair, a scanty, stubby beard, fingers bent with age like a bird's claws" is the description recorded in my note-book. Not only in physiognomy, but also in demeanor and character, he differed strikingly from the grave and composed Iroquois among whom he dwelt. The lively, mirthful disposition of his race survived in full force in its latest member. His replies to our inquiries were intermingled with many jocose remarks, and much good-humored laughter. Nikonha told Hale that his father had been a Tutelo chief named Onusowa. His mother had died when he was a child, and he was raised by her brother, his maternal uncle, as his people had a matrilineal kinship system. Children were considered born to their mother's family and clan, and were reared largely by her people. Nikonha's people had gradually migrated north out of Virginia. By the time Nikonha was approximately 14, in 1779, his Tutelo people were living in the Cayuga village of Coreorgonel, New York, near the current location of Ithaca. The Cayuga were one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League, or Haudenosaunee. All these nations were Iroquoian-speaking. The village was attacked in 1779 by forces led by Colonel Dearborn during the Americans' Sullivan Expedition of the Revolutionary War. The village was one of 40 Iroquois villages razed during this raiding, and the Expedition also destroyed most of the winter crops stored by the Cayuga. The Tutelo survivors fled north with the Cayuga and other Iroquois, settling on land granted to them by the Crown at Grand River in Ontario. Nikonha served with the British and their allies against the United States in the War of 1812. They had some hopes of expelling the Americans from former Cayuga and other Iroquois territory. His wife was Cayuga. He had spoken only the Cayuga language at home for years, after learning it as a youth. As Hale worked with him, Nikonha was able to provide about 100 words of the Tutelo language of his youth. Hale was collecting information on Tutelo from the few surviving individuals who had preserved any knowledge of it. Aside from Nikonha, the other speakers mixed their Tutelo more indiscriminately with Cayuga. On the basis of the vocabulary and grammar that Hale collected and analyzed, he later confirmed the classification of Tutelo as a Siouan language. It is related to Dakota and Hidatsa, languages of tribes located mostly west of the Mississippi River. There were also historically other Siouan-speaking tribes in the interior of the American Southeast. (en)
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- Nikonha, també conegut com a Waskiteng i Mosquito, fou el darrer parlant pura sang de tutelo, una llengua siouan de Virgínia. Es va informar que tenia 106 anys quan va morir a la Primera Nació , Ontario en 1871; això donarà una data de naixement pel voltant del 1765. L'any abans de la seva mort, es va reunir amb l'etnòleg Horatio Hale, qui va donar la següent descripció d'ell: (ca)
- Nikonha, also known as Waskiteng and Mosquito, (b. ca. 1765- d. 1871, Tutelo) was known as the last full-blooded speaker of Tutelo, a Virginia Siouan language. He is reported to have been around 106 years old when he died at Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation, Ontario in 1871, where his people had migrated with the Cayuga during the American Revolutionary War. (en)
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