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- Die Pukara-Kultur (spanisch Pucará statt Pukara) entwickelte sich im nordöstlichen Teil des Titicaca-Beckens zwischen 500 v. und 300 n. Chr. Mit der Pukara-Kultur begann die Entwicklung komplexer Gesellschaften im Altiplano. Die Pukara-Kultur gilt als Vorgänger-Kultur der Tiwanaku-Kultur. (de)
- Pucará fue una cultura arqueológica que se desarrolló en el altiplano del actual departamento peruano de Puno. Pucará se desarrolló en el sector nor-occidental de la cuenca del Lago Titicaca, y tuvo como centro al sitio de Pukará de donde justamente deriva el nombre dado a la cultura. Según los especialistas de la región (Tantaleán, etc.), tuvo dos fases de desarrollo dentro del período llamado Formativo: Formativo Medio (1400 a 550 a. C.), y Formativo Tardío (550 a. C. a 400 d. C.). Desarrollaron, especialmente en la segunda fase, una escultura y una cerámica vigorosas muy particulares La cultura Pukara tiene origen milenario, viene de la voz Puquina Pukara que significa fortaleza o baluarte de defensa, fue una cultura preinca y contemporanéa a Tiahuanaco, cultura a las que dio origen. (es)
- The Pucará culture was an archaeological culture which developed in Qullaw, along the north-western shore of Lake Titicaca. It was characterized by a hierarchy of sites made up several smaller centers and villages scattered throughout the northern basin of the Titicaca, ruled from its nucleus - the town of Pukara (from which the given name derives) with an approximate extension of 6 square kilometers, constituted the first properly urban settlement in the Titicaca basin. Its sphere of influence reached as far north as the Cuzco Valley and as far south as Tiahuanaco. The culture had two phases of development within the Formative Period: the Middle Formative (1400 to 550 BC), and Late Formative (550 BC to 400 AD). The Pukara engaged in agriculture, herding and fishing, domesticating the alpaca and constructing ridges and furrows that allowed agriculture in floodable lands on the shores of Lake Titicaca, which ensured intensive high-altitude agriculture. During that time complex knowledge on hydraulics and construction was acquired, and it was from this that the inhabitants of the highlands began to directly control diverse ecological landscapes, establishing permanent colonies along the western slope of the Andes in the inter-Andean valley of Cuzco and Moquegua (a development strategy that was subsequently consolidated and promoted by the Tiahuanaco). They developed, especially in the second phase, a very particular vigorous sculpture and ceramic culture. Pukara ceramics are painted in various colours. They are finely made, and include many non-utilitarian forms, such as human and animal motifs. Pukara pottery and textiles are found widely in the middle Andean, and the coastal Pacific valleys, reaching out into Peru and Chile. The rise of Tiwanaku may have contributed to the weakening of Pukara around 200 AD. The Pucará settlements were occupied by people from Tiwanaku, it is probable that the leaders of this social formation had taken the site of Pukara as a sacred place, and perhaps even assumed it as their paqarina or place of origin. They copied Pucará's architectural model and commissioned a vast number of workers and engineers to transfer it to their capital in the Tiwanaku Valley, in the southern basin. It is possible that at that time, the sculptures of Pukará had become objects of great religious and ritual value, their possession being a symbol of power and prestige. The name for the Pucará culture was derived from the word Pukara, referring to the fortresses and defense bastions constructed during the Late Intermediate Period. (en)
- プカラ文化（プカラぶんか、Pukara）とは、現在のペルー、チチカカ湖北岸に紀元前200年ころから紀元後200年ころまで栄えたとされる同名の遺跡及びその遺跡に代表される文化の名称。 現在、Pucaráという村落名があり、その近くに遺跡は存在する。現在では、ペルー文化庁に基づき遺跡および(物質)文化の名称としてはPukaraを使い、現在の村落を記すときはPucaráを使うことが多い。 (ja)
- A Cultura Pucará foi uma cultura pré-incaica que se desenvolveu no altiplano do atual departamento peruano de Puno. (pt)
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- Die Pukara-Kultur (spanisch Pucará statt Pukara) entwickelte sich im nordöstlichen Teil des Titicaca-Beckens zwischen 500 v. und 300 n. Chr. Mit der Pukara-Kultur begann die Entwicklung komplexer Gesellschaften im Altiplano. Die Pukara-Kultur gilt als Vorgänger-Kultur der Tiwanaku-Kultur. (de)
- Pucará fue una cultura arqueológica que se desarrolló en el altiplano del actual departamento peruano de Puno. Pucará se desarrolló en el sector nor-occidental de la cuenca del Lago Titicaca, y tuvo como centro al sitio de Pukará de donde justamente deriva el nombre dado a la cultura. Según los especialistas de la región (Tantaleán, etc.), tuvo dos fases de desarrollo dentro del período llamado Formativo: Formativo Medio (1400 a 550 a. C.), y Formativo Tardío (550 a. C. a 400 d. C.). Desarrollaron, especialmente en la segunda fase, una escultura y una cerámica vigorosas muy particulares La cultura Pukara tiene origen milenario, viene de la voz Puquina Pukara que significa fortaleza o baluarte de defensa, fue una cultura preinca y contemporanéa a Tiahuanaco, cultura a las que dio origen. (es)
- プカラ文化（プカラぶんか、Pukara）とは、現在のペルー、チチカカ湖北岸に紀元前200年ころから紀元後200年ころまで栄えたとされる同名の遺跡及びその遺跡に代表される文化の名称。 現在、Pucaráという村落名があり、その近くに遺跡は存在する。現在では、ペルー文化庁に基づき遺跡および(物質)文化の名称としてはPukaraを使い、現在の村落を記すときはPucaráを使うことが多い。 (ja)
- A Cultura Pucará foi uma cultura pré-incaica que se desenvolveu no altiplano do atual departamento peruano de Puno. (pt)
- The Pucará culture was an archaeological culture which developed in Qullaw, along the north-western shore of Lake Titicaca. It was characterized by a hierarchy of sites made up several smaller centers and villages scattered throughout the northern basin of the Titicaca, ruled from its nucleus - the town of Pukara (from which the given name derives) with an approximate extension of 6 square kilometers, constituted the first properly urban settlement in the Titicaca basin. Its sphere of influence reached as far north as the Cuzco Valley and as far south as Tiahuanaco. The culture had two phases of development within the Formative Period: the Middle Formative (1400 to 550 BC), and Late Formative (550 BC to 400 AD). (en)
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- Pucará (en)
- Pukara-Kultur (de)
- Cultura pucará (es)
- プカラ文化 (ja)
- Cultura Pucará (pt)
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