Sinan Akkaya

JUST RELEASED: stc's white-paper highlights 5G network densification as a strategy to enhance connectivity, coverage and capacity through macro and small cells, supported by AI, Machine Learning, beamforming, and massive MIMO. It presents AI-driven planning strategy to address the challenges of providing 5G connectivity to urban, suburban and remote areas. Furthermore, it motivates discussion on ways to enable new use cases, such as IoT, AR/VR, and autonomous systems. Please, enjoy your reading. 💟 Reach out to us to discuss growth opportunities in the telecom industry 💟 To gain monthly insights on #technology and #innovations, subscribe to #global5gevolution newsletter (https://lnkd.in/ge9gsyjE) and tune in for the latest edition on “5G Monetisation” 💟 Or subscribe to #global5gevolution YouTube channel (https://lnkd.in/g8M7YvKq) and tune in for the latest episode on “Cyber Space Robotic 5G” ; click comment box #5G #6G #AI 💟 Follow us on Kaneshwaran Govindasamy & Global 5G Evolution

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𝑶𝙥𝒆𝙣 𝙍𝑨𝙉 𝘼𝒓𝙘𝒉𝙞𝒕𝙚𝒄𝙩𝒖𝙧𝒆 Open RAN (Open Radio Access Network) is an architecture concept in the telecommunications industry aimed at disaggregating and opening up the traditionally closed and proprietary RAN (Radio Access Network) systems. Here are the main components of Open RAN: ✅ 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒐 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝑹𝑹𝑼): RRU is responsible for radio signal processing and transmission/reception functions. In Open RAN, RRUs are often software-defined and can be deployed in a distributed manner, enabling flexibility in network architecture. ✅ 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝑫𝑼): DU handles baseband processing functions such as modulation, encoding, and decoding of data. It interacts with the RRU for radio signal processing. Open RAN allows for the deployment of DUs from different vendors, promoting interoperability and innovation. ✅ 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒆𝒅 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕 (𝑪𝑼): CU centralizes control plane functions and orchestrates multiple DUs. It manages radio resource allocation, mobility management, and other network-wide functions. Open RAN enables the separation of CU from other RAN components, facilitating network flexibility and scalability. ✅ 𝑵𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍-𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑹𝑰𝑪 (𝑹𝑨𝑵 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒓): Near Real-Time RIC is a key element in Open RAN that provides intelligent control and optimization functionalities close to the RAN. It collects real-time network data and performs dynamic optimization of radio resources, such as power control, beamforming, and interference management. Near Real-Time RIC enhances network performance and efficiency by adapting to changing network conditions rapidly. ✅ 𝑵𝒐𝒏-𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍-𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑹𝑰𝑪: Non-Real-Time RIC complements the functionality of Near Real-Time RIC by providing broader network optimization capabilities that do not require real-time responsiveness. It analyzes historical and aggregated network data to perform long-term optimization, capacity planning, and policy definition. Non-Real-Time RIC contributes to overall network efficiency and resource utilization over longer time horizons. ✅ 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒕-𝑯𝒂𝒖𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆: The interface between RRUs and DUs/CUs is crucial for interoperability in Open RAN. This interface is typically based on open standards, allowing equipment from different vendors to communicate seamlessly. ✅ 𝑺𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑶𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝑺𝑴𝑶): SMO is responsible for the management and orchestration of Open RAN components. It includes functions such as network monitoring, configuration management, and resource optimization. Open RAN SMO frameworks adhere to open standards and APIs, enabling multi-vendor interoperability. Did I miss anything❓ If Yes, Please feel free to add. For more content like this, Please follow Sanjay Kumar ↗️ and TelcoLearn #5g #4g #openran

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Some big announcements this week related to the use of #AI in Telco Mobile Networks. Timing couldn't be better as Spectrum Effect was just this week awarded the patent for the use of AI and Machine Learning Models for classifying interference types in Mobile Operator RAN networks. I have strong conviction on AI's ability to drive more efficient and effective operations of mobility networks and ultimately better outcomes for consumers of the services that mobile networks enable. We are in fantastic company to be joined on this journey with the NVIDIA, Ericsson, Nokia, and T-Mobile announcing their intentions to invest in this space. https://lnkd.in/ebB4BM9X

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𝐔𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐑𝐀𝐍: 𝐑𝐞𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐳𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐌𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐍𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐬 Open Radio Access Network (Open RAN) is a transformative concept in mobile communications, aimed at creating a more flexible, interoperable, and cost-efficient RAN architecture. By disaggregating traditional RAN components and embracing open standards, Open RAN enables network operators to mix and match components from different vendors. 𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐑𝐀𝐍 Radio Unit (O-RU) The Radio Unit is responsible for handling the radio frequency (RF) functions of the RAN. It includes elements like the antenna and the transceiver, which facilitate communication between the mobile devices and the network. In an Open RAN architecture, the RU is designed to be interoperable with different vendors' Distributed Units (DU) and Centralized Units (CU). Distributed Unit (O-DU) The Distributed Unit manages the real-time processing tasks required for radio communication. This includes tasks like encoding, scheduling, and resource allocation. By placing the DU closer to the RU, often at the edge of the network, latency is minimized, improving the performance of applications requiring real-time communication, such as gaming and virtual reality. Centralized Unit (O-CU) The Centralized Unit handles higher-layer protocols and non-real-time functions. These include tasks such as mobility management, session management, and overall control of the data flow. The CU can be located centrally, managing multiple DUs and RUs, leading to more efficient resource utilization. Near-Real-Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) The Near-RT RIC is a critical component for enhancing the performance and efficiency of the RAN through real-time analytics and control. Operating with a latency of less than one second, it enables dynamic radio resource management, interference mitigation, and load balancing. This allows the network to adapt quickly to changing conditions, ensuring optimal performance. Non-Real-Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) The Non-RT RIC focuses on longer-term data analytics and policy-based control to improve the overall efficiency and performance of the RAN. It works on timescales beyond one second and is responsible for tasks such as machine learning model training, policy management, and performance optimization. Insights from the Non-RT RIC are used to inform the Near-RT RIC, creating a feedback loop that enhances the network's adaptability and intelligence. Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) The SMO platform oversees the end-to-end management and orchestration of the RAN and its associated services. It ensures that all components, including the RU, DU, CU, and RICs, work harmoniously. The SMO is crucial for automated network operations, resource allocation, and service delivery, facilitating the deployment of new services and the scaling of network resources. For more content like this, Please follow Sanjay Kumar ↗️ & TelcoLearn

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Dynamic Spectrum Sharing and Multi-RAT Spectrum Sharing Through O-RAN Architecture The challenge of limited spectrum availability complicates the transition from 5G to 6G. To address this challenge, simplifying spectrum migration is essential. The integration of Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) within the O-RAN ALLIANCE O-RAN architecture through the use of RIC and SMO offers a promising approach to managing spectrum efficiently as mobile networks evolve. By leveraging advanced RIC AI/ML algorithms and comprehensive data analytics, O-RAN enables dynamic and intelligent spectrum sharing between 5G and 6G. ◼ Implementation of DSS in O-RAN O-RAN facilitates this through its RIC and SMO components. Steps to Implement DSS in O-RAN Step 1: Policy Development and Communication Non-RT RIC: Develops and updates long-term DSS policies based on broad and historical network data, traffic patterns, and predictions. Communication: These policies are communicated to Near-RT RIC via the A1 interface. Step 2: Real-Time Decision Making Near-RT RIC: Receives policies and translates them into actionable, real-time decisions using xApps (applications running in the RIC). It handles the immediate adaptation of spectrum allocation between for example 4G and 5G networks. Step 3: Configuration and Enforcement RAN via E2 interface: Implements the DSS decisions to configure network elements for dynamic spectrum sharing, ensuring efficient resource utilization and optimal service delivery. Integration with SMO SMO Role: Manages overall orchestration and lifecycle management of network functions and service capabilities. It also plays a crucial role in gathering and disseminating data across RICs and network elements. ◼ Training Dataset and Data Collection in SMO/RIC Accurate and comprehensive datasets are essential for training the AI/ML models deployed within the RIC to predict traffic patterns, manage resources, and make informed DSS decisions. The effectiveness of DSS heavily relies on the quality and comprehensiveness of these datasets. Data Collection in SMO/RIC Non-RT RIC Long-Term Data Collection: Aggregates extensive historical network performance data, user mobility patterns, and service usage statistics. Data Sources: Includes external databases, network logs, and telemetry from various network elements interfaced through the O1 and O2 protocols. Near-RT RIC Real-Time Data Collection: Focuses on real-time network states, quality metrics like SINR, throughput levels, and user equipment reports. Dynamic Adaptation: Utilizes this real-time data to adapt and optimize the spectrum sharing dynamically, supporting the continuous tuning of DSS policies. DSS and MRSS capabilities will be essential for the deployment of 5G and beyond, as it ensures that existing services are not disrupted while new services are rolled out. #SpectrumEngineering #ORAN #OpenRAN #SpectrumSharing #DynamicSpectrumSharing #MultiRATSpectrumSharing #6G #SMO #RIC #SpectrumEfficiency

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5G White Paper! 📝 Neutral Host Opportunities for 5G & Beyond! This report provides extensive analysis of the potential that NHNs offer in helping network operators meet the growing demand for better connectivity and coverage! ⤵️ Neutral Host Networks (NHN) are shared wireless communication infrastructure that allow multiple network providers to offer connectivity and coverage. NHNs support various levels of infrastructure sharing, including distributed antenna systems (DAS), shared radios, and basebands. Successfully navigating this market requires selecting the right technology and ensuring clear economic logic for all supply chain participants. Key sections of the 5G Americas white paper include: 📶 Opportunities and Benefits of NHNs: NHNs can offer improved connectivity, coverage, favourable economics and management overhead. Significant benefits may include enhanced service quality and new revenue opportunities driven by the growth of private networks, the availability of shared spectrum, and innovative partnership models. 📶 Market Size, Growth, and Trends: According to some analysts, the global neutral hosting market may reach $8.7 billion by 2028, driven by surging indoor data traffic and the growing adoption of private networks, particularly in sectors such as manufacturing, education, healthcare, and retail. 📶 Network Sharing Architectures and Technological Innovations: examination of three primary NHN architecture models, including Site Sharing, Shared Radio, and Shared RAN, as well as enabling technologies, such Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS), small cells, repeaters, Open RAN, virtualization, cloudification, private networks, and network slicing. 📶 Economic and Regulatory Challenges: headwinds include declining DAS equipment sales, security risks, energy costs, and regulatory barriers. Future-Ready for 6G: potential new applications, spectrum requirements, and technological advancements will shape the future of NHNs. 🗣 “The neutral host wireless infrastructure model can be a highly effective business strategy that offers mutual benefits to all parties involved. It can allow for the expansion of network coverage and capacity with improved economics for all key stakeholders,” stated work group co-leader Colin Bowdery, Chief Architect of Indoor 5G, Ericsson. 🗣 "Neutral host networks represent a significant opportunity for the telecommunications industry. By leveraging shared infrastructure, NHNs can deliver superior connectivity and coverage, driving economic growth and technological innovation,” said work group co-leader Kyle Allen, Vice President of Sales Engineering Americas, Airspan. Networks Inc. ⤵️ Read the report below for more 5G facts! ⤵️ #5G #5GNR #6G #RAN #OpenRAN #MobileNetworks #4G #LTE #IoT #Telecoms

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10 Trending Topics Currently Shaping Discussion in Industry Telecom 1⚡️5G Expansion and Standalone 5G: The continued rollout and adoption of 5G networks is accelerating, with a focus on standalone 5G that promises enhanced speed and lower latency. This is enabling new applications in sectors like smart cities, healthcare, and gaming​ 2⚡️Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Automation: AI is revolutionizing telecom operations, from improving network management to enhancing customer service through automation. The use of AI to predict network issues and automate routine tasks is becoming widespread​ 3⚡️Internet of Things (IoT) Integration: With billions of connected devices, telecom companies are expanding their networks to support IoT applications, particularly in industrial sectors (IIoT). This trend also involves merging satellite communications with terrestrial networks for global IoT connectivity​ 4⚡️Edge Computing: Reducing data latency by processing data closer to the source is becoming crucial, especially for applications requiring real-time data, like autonomous vehicles and gaming​ 5⚡️Cloud and Network Virtualization: The shift to cloud-based technologies and network functions virtualization (NFV) is allowing telecom operators to manage networks more flexibly and efficiently, leading to faster service deployment and cost savings​ 6⚡️Cybersecurity Enhancements: As networks grow more complex, cybersecurity remains a top concern. Telecom companies are adopting AI-driven threat detection and robust data protection measures to stay ahead of rising cyber threats​ 7⚡️Sustainability Initiatives: Telecom providers are increasingly focused on reducing their carbon footprint through renewable energy sources and more energy-efficient network operations. Bridging the digital divide is also part of sustainability efforts​ 8⚡️Private 5G Networks: There is a growing interest in deploying private 5G networks, particularly in industries like manufacturing and healthcare, where secure, high-performance networks are needed​ 9⚡️Enhanced Connectivity Solutions: With advancements like Wi-Fi 6 and satellite internet, telecom companies are working to improve connectivity in underserved areas, helping to bridge the digital divide​ 10⚡️Preparations for 6G: Although 5G is still being rolled out, discussions and early research on 6G are underway, promising even higher speeds, lower latency, and transformative applications in sectors such as healthcare and virtual reality

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One of most under looked component in network is antenna. Operators are purely looking commercials. Although its a passive item, but choosing a right antenna is important. Money saved on a wrong or low quality antenna is much much lower than money spent over the years to better the customer experience.

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RSRP : Coverage Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) - It is a critical metric used to assess the coverage of a 4G/5G mobile network. This indicator measures the linear average over the power contributions of the resource elements that carry cell specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. The following classifications outline RSRP values and their corresponding signal penetration capabilities: - Excellent (-75 dBm or better): Optimal for indoor coverage. - Good (-85 to -75 dBm): Reliable performance in various environments. - Fair (-95 to -85 dBm): Adequate for in-car use. - Weak (-105 to -95 dBm): Limited outdoor connectivity. - Poor (< -115 dBm): Signal is generally unusable. Understanding RSRP helps in optimizing network performance and enhancing user experience. 👉 To learn about Network KPIs, visit - https://lnkd.in/e9TpSHzF

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RSRP : Coverage Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) - It is a critical metric used to assess the coverage of a 4G/5G mobile network. This indicator measures the linear average over the power contributions of the resource elements that carry cell specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. The following classifications outline RSRP values and their corresponding signal penetration capabilities: - Excellent (-75 dBm or better): Optimal for indoor coverage. - Good (-85 to -75 dBm): Reliable performance in various environments. - Fair (-95 to -85 dBm): Adequate for in-car use. - Weak (-105 to -95 dBm): Limited outdoor connectivity. - Poor (< -115 dBm): Signal is generally unusable. Understanding RSRP helps in optimizing network performance and enhancing user experience. 👉 To learn about Network KPIs, visit - https://lnkd.in/e9TpSHzF #telecom #technology #learning #platform #itelcotech #academia

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Highly Dynamic Spectrum Sharing is a key next step in spectrum sharing’s evolution. Join the conversation at the WInnForum’s new task group on the subject. More below: #spectrumsharing #winnforum #globalinnovation

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Performance degradation due to asynchronous 5G networks. The intrinsic understanding of Intermodulation and the need for interference mitigation: Key focus areas: Understand how intermodulation creates interference in TDD networks Explore details about the network configuration and measurement campaign  Learn how critical the performance degradation can be #Rohde&Schwarz #Networkperformance #Makeideasreal https://lnkd.in/dxveGENH

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🚀 Transforming 5G Networks with "Intent-Based Automation"! 🚀 In the ever-evolving landscape of 5G technology, Intent-Based Automation (IBA) is emerging as a game-changer for network management. 🌐 What is Intent-Based Automation? IBA shifts the focus from manual, rule-based configurations to high-level directives, known as "intents," which specify desired business outcomes. These intents are automatically translated into actionable policies and configurations, allowing for dynamic and efficient network operations. Picture the adaptive steering and cruise control features in your car. You can define objectives like “desired speed of 55 mph” or “maintain a certain distance between you and the car in front of you so you don’t hit it.” The car (system) will then automatically adjust gas and gear to meet the intended speed and, if needed, use the brake (or steering) to avoid hitting a car in front of or to the side of you. IBA allows CSPs to define and set measurable objectives or “intents,” whether it’s a certain uplink or downlink throughput, end-to-end latency, priorities, or hierarchies between defined objectives. Key Benefits of IBA in 5G: Simplified Network Management: Reduces complexity by allowing administrators to define high-level goals rather than detailed configurations. Enhanced Agility and Flexibility: Quickly adapts to changing conditions and demands, making networks more responsive. Improved Efficiency and Optimization: Automates repetitive tasks, optimizing resource utilization and performance. Consistency and Compliance: Ensures consistent application of policies, enhancing reliability and regulatory compliance. Exciting Use Cases: Dynamic Network Slicing: Tailors network resources to specific applications or services in real time. Quality of Service (QoS) Management: Guarantees performance for critical applications by dynamically adjusting resources. Automated Fault Management: Detects and resolves issues autonomously, maintaining seamless service. Leading the charge are companies like Cisco with their DNA Center, Juniper Networks, and Nokia, showcasing how IBA can revolutionize network operations. As we look to the future, Intent-Based Automation will be pivotal in driving the efficiency and agility of 5G networks, ensuring they meet the demands of an increasingly connected world. #5G #Technology #Innovation #Automation #Networking #Telecom #IntentBasedAutomation #AI #MachineLearning

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We need to use ALL of the #tools in the #broaband toolbox!

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Breaking Barriers: Achieving Multi-Vendor Interoperability in 5G Networks with IRP In open RAN management systems, a technology-independent and multi-vendor Operations Support System (OSS) is essential. This approach ensures interoperability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency, enabling operators to integrate network elements from various vendors seamlessly. ◼ Benefits of Technology-Independent and NE Vendor-Independent OSS - Interoperability: Allows seamless integration and communication between network elements from different vendors. - Flexibility: Enables operators to choose best-in-class solutions without vendor lock-in. - Cost Efficiency: Promotes competitive pricing and better terms by avoiding dependency on a single vendor. ◼ 3GPP Integration Reference Point (IRP) The IRP concept is critical in achieving a technology-independent and multi-vendor OSS. It standardizes management interfaces, providing a common framework for exchanging management information across different network elements and OSS. ◼ Key Elements of IRP: - Standardized Interfaces: Facilitate consistent communication and data exchange. - Information Service (IS): Defines a technology-independent model for information object classes and attributes. - Solution Sets: Map the IRP Information Service to specific technologies and protocols (e.g., NETCONF/YANG, SOAP, REST). ◼ Fault Management Use Case Fault Management ensures network performance and Quality of Service (QoS) by detecting, isolating, diagnosing, and repairing faults. Implementation with IRP: - Detection and Reporting: IRP interfaces collect fault data from various vendors' equipment, enabling real-time monitoring and accurate fault detection. - Isolation and Diagnosis: OSS uses IRP to correlate alarms and events, leveraging a unified information model for efficient fault isolation and automated diagnosis. - Correction and Repair: Coordinated fault correction actions across multi-vendor environments, supported by IRP, allow for traffic rerouting and proactive maintenance. ◼ Example Scenario: In a multi-vendor 5G network, a fault in a base station triggers an alarm. Using IRP, the OSS isolates the fault and identifies a software issue. It reconfigures adjacent base stations from other vendors to handle the traffic, minimizing service disruption. A remote patch is applied, restoring normal operations. The SMO of the O-RAN ALLIANCE was defined on this basis of vendor neutrality. A technology-independent and multi-vendor OSS, supported by the 3GPP IRP concept and effective vendor-neutral network management such as O-RAN SMO, enhances network flexibility, reduces operational complexity, and ensures robust performance. This approach allows operators to maintain high QoS and efficient network operations, irrespective of underlying vendor technologies. #OpenRAN #3GPP #OperstionsSupportSystem #MultiVendor #VendorNeutrality #IRP #FaultManagment #ORANSMO

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In today's telecommunications landscape, Open RAN (Radio Access Network) deployment options are pivotal for operators seeking to modernize their networks while ensuring scalability, cost-efficiency, and vendor diversity. As a telecom engineer, understanding these deployment options is essential for navigating the evolving network requirements and leveraging Open RAN's full potential. Here’s a technical breakdown of the main Open RAN deployment strategies: 🔵 1. Cloud-Based Deployments Open RAN's architecture allows for different deployment models, with cloud-based options being increasingly popular due to their scalability and flexibility. There are two primary cloud deployment methods: - Public Cloud: This involves leveraging cloud services from third-party providers to host RAN functions. It offers high scalability and reduced capital expenditure but raises concerns about security and data sovereignty. - Private Cloud: For operators prioritizing control and security, private clouds offer a dedicated environment to host RAN functions. This approach is particularly advantageous for meeting strict regulatory requirements and handling sensitive data. 🔵 2. Hybrid Cloud Deployments Hybrid cloud deployments combine on-premises infrastructure with cloud services, offering a balance between control and flexibility. This model is ideal for operators looking to optimize network performance and cost without fully committing to a public cloud infrastructure. It allows for dynamic resource allocation based on demand, enhancing the efficiency of network operations. 🔵 3. Centralized vs. Distributed RAN The choice between centralized and distributed RAN architectures depends on specific network demands and geographic considerations: - Centralized RAN consolidates base-band units in a central location, reducing deployment costs and simplifying maintenance. This setup is suited for urban areas with high-density network demands. - Distributed RAN: places base-band units closer to the radio units, which can be beneficial for coverage and latency, particularly in rural or geographically dispersed areas. 🔵 4. Virtualized RAN (vRAN) Virtualization is a cornerstone of Open RAN, separating hardware from software functionalities. vRAN utilizes standard server hardware to run network functions as software, offering enhanced flexibility and faster deployment of new services. This approach supports the network slicing feature crucial for 5G applications, allowing operators to dedicate portions of their networks to specific services or customers. 🔵 5. Integration with Existing Networks Open RAN can be integrated with legacy networks, offering a cost-effective, gradual transition. This allows operators to benefit from Open RAN while maintaining existing network reliability. ⭕ Enroll into "From Mobile to core Network" Course to learn the RAN deployment options. 📩 #Open_RAN #telecommunications #My_communication #Networks

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📶 The latest statistics on 5G indicate growth, with projections of connections expected to increase from 1.6 billion to 2.1 billion between the end of 2023 and the end of 2024. More networks are operating in standalone mode compared to an intermediate stage of 5G called non-standalone, which is based on LTE core technologies. So, there are some good dynamics; the number of 'real' 5G networks is on the rise, and I’d like to share some updates. As we increasingly assess the security of 5G SA networks, here's what we find as a result of security testing on systems to identify vulnerabilities and weaknesses before actual hackers can exploit them: 📊 The sample size is getting bigger (a few dozens of networks assessed), but the industry's average is still almost useless to define — with quite low protections (very exposed) in some cases, and very secure environments in others. This makes us think there is still a long way to go in sharing and implementing best practices, incentivizing secure deployments, and aiming to increase the average level of protection to be above medium. 🤫 The largest number of accomplished attacks leads to the discovery of network structure, successful and, in many cases, undetected lateral movements within the network, and disclosure of subscriber information. 🚫 Denial of service, either for network function or for a group of subscribers, is still ranked second, showing that hackers' ability to impact the service, potentially causing outages, is quite likely. ⚙️ Profile disclosure of network functions and manipulation of network configurations, being more challenging to achieve, but very reasonable to focus on from an adversarial point of view, are in third place. As an example, here is the type of denial of service: a hacker can force mass deregistration of network elements, leading to service outage for subscribers. 🔌 The execution of an HTTP2 /nnrf-nfm/v1/nf-instances/{nfInstanceID} request deletes the profile of the network function that was registered in NRF. The availability of network functions, whose profiles were deleted in this manner, could be disrupted for 2 to 30 minutes, depending on the network configuration or the duration of repeated attacks. General advice to mitigate such impacts: ✔️ Implement obligatory authentication and authorization of services. 🛡️ Properly filter and police traffic between network segments. 📋 Conduct security audits to ensure the above two measures are correctly applied and that there are no critical errors in network configuration. #5G #Cybersecurity #NetworkSecurity #IntegrationChallenges #SecurityGen

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Operator community is shaping the future of Telecoms once again. We have worked jointly for the NGMN publication which is setting the baseline for comparison on the performance for future Radio Netowrks. This is a critical milestone in order to have fair comparison towards radio evolution

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