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Cold water supply system
Importance of water
• No life can exist without water
• It is as essential for life as air
Is
Two third of human body is
constituted of water
Provides of luxuries and comforts
to human being
Lecture -3 Cold water supply system.pptx
Components of a protected water supply
scheme
• Source of water
• Intake
• Treatment
• Distribution
Rain Cycle Sources of Water
Supply
• Lakes, streams, rivers, reservoirs,
run off from roofs and paved areas.
Underground sources † Shallow
wells, deep wells, artesian wells,
artesian springs, land springs.
 Surface sources
Lecture -3 Cold water supply system.pptx
Lecture -3 Cold water supply system.pptx
Lecture -3 Cold water supply system.pptx
Lecture -3 Cold water supply system.pptx
Lecture -3 Cold water supply system.pptx
Acid
• A substance containing hydrogen which can be replaced by other
elements. Litmus paper in the presence of acidic water turns red.
• A substance which will neutralise acid by accepting its hydrogen ions
(H+). Litmus paper in the presence of alkaline water turns blue.
• pH < 7 indicates acidity
• pH > 7 indicates alkalinity
• pH = 7 chemically pure
Alkali
Filtration of Water
Pressure filter
• Rate of filtration 4 to 12 m3 per
m2 per hour. To backwash, valve
A is closed, and valves B and C
opened. Compressed air clears
the sand of dirt. Diameter = 2.4
m.
Slow sand filter bed
• Rate of filtration 0.2 to 1,15 m3
per m2 per hour. Filter beds can
occupy large areas and the top
layer of sand will require
removal and cleaning at periodic
intervals.
Small domestic filter
The unglazed porcelain cylinder
will arrest very fine particles of
dirt and even micro-organisms.
The cylinder can be removed and
sterilised in boiling water for 10
minutes
Sterilisation and Softening
Sterilisation by chlorine injection
• water used for drinking must be
sterilised. Chlorine is generally
used for this purpose to destroy
organic matter. Minute
quantities (0.1 to 0.3 p.p.m.) are
normally added after the
filtration process
Softening of hard water by base exchange
process
• Sodium zeolites exchange their
sodium base for calcium (chalk) or
magnesium bases in the water.
Sodium zeolite plus calcium
carbonate or sulphate becomes
calcium zeolite plus sodium
carbonate or sulphate. To
regenerate, salt is added; calcium
zeolite plus sodium chloride (salt)
becomes sodium zeolite plus
calcium chloride which is flushed
away
Lecture -3 Cold water supply system.pptx
Storage and Distribution of Water
Gravitational distribution
• The water from upland
gathering grounds is impounded
in a reservoir. From this point
the water is filtered and
chlorinated before serving an
inhabited area at lower level.
There are no pumping costs
Pumped distribution
• Water extracted from a river is
pumped into a settlement tank,
subsequently filtered and
chlorinated. Pump maintenance
and running costs make this
process more expensive than
gravity systems.
Lecture -3 Cold water supply system.pptx
Lecture -3 Cold water supply system.pptx
Lecture -3 Cold water supply system.pptx
Lecture -3 Cold water supply system.pptx
Lecture -3 Cold water supply system.pptx
Ring main distribution
• water mains supplying a town or
village may be in the form of a
grid. This is preferable to radial
distribution as sections can be
isolated with minimal disruption
to the remaining system and
there is no more opportunity for
water to maintain a flow

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Lecture -3 Cold water supply system.pptx

  • 2. Importance of water • No life can exist without water • It is as essential for life as air Is Two third of human body is constituted of water Provides of luxuries and comforts to human being
  • 4. Components of a protected water supply scheme • Source of water • Intake • Treatment • Distribution
  • 5. Rain Cycle Sources of Water Supply • Lakes, streams, rivers, reservoirs, run off from roofs and paved areas. Underground sources † Shallow wells, deep wells, artesian wells, artesian springs, land springs.  Surface sources
  • 11. Acid • A substance containing hydrogen which can be replaced by other elements. Litmus paper in the presence of acidic water turns red. • A substance which will neutralise acid by accepting its hydrogen ions (H+). Litmus paper in the presence of alkaline water turns blue. • pH < 7 indicates acidity • pH > 7 indicates alkalinity • pH = 7 chemically pure Alkali
  • 12. Filtration of Water Pressure filter • Rate of filtration 4 to 12 m3 per m2 per hour. To backwash, valve A is closed, and valves B and C opened. Compressed air clears the sand of dirt. Diameter = 2.4 m.
  • 13. Slow sand filter bed • Rate of filtration 0.2 to 1,15 m3 per m2 per hour. Filter beds can occupy large areas and the top layer of sand will require removal and cleaning at periodic intervals.
  • 14. Small domestic filter The unglazed porcelain cylinder will arrest very fine particles of dirt and even micro-organisms. The cylinder can be removed and sterilised in boiling water for 10 minutes
  • 15. Sterilisation and Softening Sterilisation by chlorine injection • water used for drinking must be sterilised. Chlorine is generally used for this purpose to destroy organic matter. Minute quantities (0.1 to 0.3 p.p.m.) are normally added after the filtration process
  • 16. Softening of hard water by base exchange process • Sodium zeolites exchange their sodium base for calcium (chalk) or magnesium bases in the water. Sodium zeolite plus calcium carbonate or sulphate becomes calcium zeolite plus sodium carbonate or sulphate. To regenerate, salt is added; calcium zeolite plus sodium chloride (salt) becomes sodium zeolite plus calcium chloride which is flushed away
  • 18. Storage and Distribution of Water Gravitational distribution • The water from upland gathering grounds is impounded in a reservoir. From this point the water is filtered and chlorinated before serving an inhabited area at lower level. There are no pumping costs
  • 19. Pumped distribution • Water extracted from a river is pumped into a settlement tank, subsequently filtered and chlorinated. Pump maintenance and running costs make this process more expensive than gravity systems.
  • 25. Ring main distribution • water mains supplying a town or village may be in the form of a grid. This is preferable to radial distribution as sections can be isolated with minimal disruption to the remaining system and there is no more opportunity for water to maintain a flow